Basics of Chemical Weapons and Warfare Agents

A chemical weapon utilizes a manufactured chemical to incapacitate, harm, or kill people. Strictly speaking, a chemical weapon relies on the physiological effects of a chemical, so agents used to produce smoke or flame⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€as herbicides or for riot control⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€are not considered chemical weapons. Certain chemical weapons can kill large numbers of people (as weapons of mass destruction), while others are designed to injure or terrorize people. In addition to having potentially horrific effects, chemical weapons are of great concern because they are cheaper and easier to manufacture and deliver than nuclear or biological weapons. Types of Weapons The earliest chemical weapon wasnt an esoteric chemical concoction. During World War I, chlorine gas  was used as a chemical weapon, released in massive clouds by the German army to cause lung damage and terror downwind of its release. Modern chemical weapons include the following types of agents: Choking agents (phosgene, chlorine)Blister agents (nitrogen mustard, lewisite)Nerve agents (tabun, sarin, VX) How Chemical Weapons Work Chemical agents may be released as tiny droplets, similar to the action of a bug bomb used to release insecticide. For a chemical weapon to cause harm, it must come in contact with the skin or mucous membranes, be inhaled, or be ingested. The activity of the chemical agent depends on its concentration. In other words, below a certain level of exposure, the agent wont kill. Below a certain level of exposure, the agent wont even cause harm. Protective Measures Because most dont have gas masks or atropine (an injectable used when exposed to nerve agents), the best defense against chemical weapons is being informed. Realistically, you wont be on a battlefield, and are more likely to encounter an accidental chemical spill than a chemical attack. Still, in any terror or military situation, chemical weapons are far likelier than nuclear or biological weapons. There are several steps that any member of the general public should take to limit your exposure and protect yourself in the event of chemical warfare. Stay Calm: Dont panic, and try to use common sense. Have a radio (with batteries) and keep up with the news. Pay attention to civil defense advisories and think before acting. Your best defense is to face the situation with a level head.Seek High Ground: Chemical agents are denser than air. They sink to low-lying areas and follow wind/weather patterns. Seek the highest story of a building or the top of a natural land formation.Seek Open Spaces or a Self-Contained Air Supply: From a terrorist perspective, a densely populated area is a better target than somewhere uncrowded. Therefore, the threat of a chemical attack is lessened in rural areas. It makes sense to isolate your air supply because most chemical agents disperse after a certain amount of time (a notable exception is VX, which is designed to persist). Avoided exposed is a good protective measure.Use Your Senses: How do you know if you have been exposed to a chemical agent? You may not be able to see or smell one. In pure form s, most chemical weapon agents are clear liquids. Impure chemicals may be yellowish liquids. Most are odorless and tasteless, but some have a slightly sweet or fruity smell. Skin irritation, respiratory distress, and gastrointestinal upset all may signal exposure to a chemical agent. However, if you dont die within minutes, you probably wont die at all. Therefore, if you believe you have been exposed to a chemical agent, seek medical attention as soon as you feel secure.

Questions On Advanced Physiology Of Exercise - 1776 Words

KIN 560 – Advanced Physiology of Exercise Exam 1 Please type all your responses in this word document. Save the document with your last name in the file name (e.g., â€Å"KIN 560 Exam 1_Sollanek†). SAVE OFTEN AS YOU WORK. UNFORTUNATLEY, LOST WORK AS A RESULT OF COMPUTER CRASHES IS NOT A VALID EXCUSE. You must answer question #1. Of the remaining questions (#2 - #12), please answer any 7 you wish to tackle. In total, you will answer 8 of the 12 questions below. You do not need to write a book; however, you need to make sure you answer the question being asked in sufficient detail. Show me what you know. But keep an eye on the clock. You have around 15 mins to answer each question. Once complete, upload your word document into the Moodle assignment where you downloaded this word document from. Make sure you scroll down and hit the submit button. 1. Using examples from the topics in the lectures and article presentations we have had so far, identify and explore a unifying theme of this material. A unifying theme of the material thus far is skeletal muscle adaptation. We have looked at the adaptations of resistance exercise using body builders as our prime example compared to adaptations in endurance athletes such as marathon runners as well as sprinters. In the article presentations, we have also looked at diet manipulation and timing of exercise (once a day vs twice daily) and the effects on training responses. We know that the load and ATP demand play aShow MoreRelatedPopular Techniques Of Massage Dance Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesis both deeply relaxing and helps tight muscles release. For those with tight muscles or injury a contrast therapy with the use of cold stone therapy can increase the benefit of stone therapy. Thermal therapy has a powerful effect on the body s physiology. 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John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev Free Essays

Following World War II, the world felt the intensifying of the Cold War. Although the primary players were the United States and Russia, countries around the globe sat on the edge of their seats, waiting for the tension to rupture and a third World War to erupt. Two leaders had the fate of the world in their hands, during this era of world history, Nikita Khrushchev and John F. We will write a custom essay sample on John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kennedy. This paper will begin by overviewing each of these powerful leaders. Following these overviews, the leadership styles will then be compared and contrasted. In so doing, a clearer understanding will be developed of how two very different leaders could so effectively lead the two most powerful nations, during one of the most intense times in world history. John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States, leading the nation from 1961 until his assassination on November 22nd, 1963. He was the youngest person ever to have been elected as President, and the youngest President to die. He is often seen as an American martyr (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Kennedy is known for his strong domestic and foreign policies. Although most of his civil rights policies didn’t come into full fruition until his successor, Lyndon Johnson, came into office, due to his untimely death, Kennedy was an innovator both within and outside of America’s borders. He was a visionary that had a the dedication needed to bring these visions to life. His leadership skills would be honed when a young Kennedy was finally accepted into the U.S. Navy, in 1941, where he earned the rank of lieutenant and commanded a patrol torpedo boat, or PT boat (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). In 1943, Kennedy’s leadership skills would be demonstrated, 18 years prior to his holding office and leading a nation in a tumultuous time. Kennedy’s boat, the PT-109 was rammed while involved in a military raid near the Solomon Islands. Although Kennedy was thrown across the deck and injured his back, which had previously plagued him with problems, he was able to tow a wounded man three miles across the ocean to an island. He was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, with the following citation that sums up his exemplary leadership. â€Å"During the following 6 days, (Kennedy) succeeded in getting his crew ashore, and after swimming many hours attempting to secure aid and food, finally effected the rescue of the men. His courage, endurance and excellent leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service† (as cited in â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Following World War II, Kennedy began his career in politics. In 1946, Kennedy won the vacated seat of Representative James M. Curley, by a large margin. He was reelected to this position twice, but his voting record was often contradictory to President Harry Truman, as well as divergent from the Democratic Party as a whole (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). This voting record was a demonstrative example of a Kennedy who would go on to prove that he was a man unto himself, as a future President. In 1952, Kennedy moved his political career one step forward with the defeat of Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for Senator of Massachusetts. His bid for the position of Vice President nomination at the Democratic National Convention, in 1956, although turned down, also bolstered his career. He also adroitly handled the Civil Rights Act of 1957 by voting for final passage, but also earlier had voted for the jury trial amendment which would have made the Act quite ineffective (â€Å"John F. Kennedy†, 2005). Nikita Khrushchev was born in the village of Kalinovja, in what is now known as Kursk Oblast of the Russian Federation. He was originally trained and worked as a pipe fitter for a variety of mines, but it was during World War I, that Khrushchev’s leadership would begin to emerge, as he began to be involved in trade union activities, following the Bolshevik revolution, in 1917. A year later, Krushchev became a Party member and held various management and Party positions in both Donbass and Kiev. In 1931, he transferred to Moscow, and four years later, he became 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee. In 1938, he was given the position of 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukranian Communist Party. Krushchev continued to work his way up the Party ladder and was a member of the Politburo from 1939 (â€Å"Nikita Khrushchev†, 2005). During the Second World War, Khruschev served as a political officer, holding a rank similar to Lieutenant General, in the United States. He coordinated the defense of the Ukraine and then was the senior political officer in the South of the Soviet Union throughout the war. Stalin’s death in March of 1953 instigated a power struggle between several different factions within the Party. Khrushchev prevailed and became Party leader on September 7th, 1953 (â€Å"Nikita Khrushchev†, 2005). A Comparison of Kennedy Versus Khrushchev: Khrushchev was a powerful leader of Russia during a chaotic time. He immediately began to seek a course of reform, which was exemplified in his famous Secret Speech, that was given to the 20th Party Congress, in 1956. Khrushchev alienated himself from the more conservative members of his Party, speaking out against Stalin’s actions, especially those crimes committed during the Great Purges (Khrushchev, 1956). This is in direct comparison to Kennedy’s early leadership style. Kennedy too refused to simply do as the Democratic Party demanded. He often voted against Party lines, to the chagrin of traditional Liberals. Although both men would alienate themselves from some of their Party members, both would gain increased acceptance from more moderate Party members, and respect from many because of their willingness to do what they felt was right, not what was popular. Their dedication to their visionary leadership goals was a similarity, while their personal styles were in severe contrast. Khrushchev was often seen as uncivilized and boorish. He had a reputation for his significant temper and often resorted to interupting speakers to insult them. Khrushchev was known for pounding his fists on the table and shouting during a United Nations conference in 1960, and even taking off his shoe and pounding it violently on the table, when asked how he could oppose Western captilist imperialism given his actions to rapidly assimilate Eastern Europe (Khrushcheva, 2000). Whereas Kennedy grew up in a wealthy, refined family and would never have considered to resort to such measures to get his point across. Yet, both men were incredibly charismatic, able to eloquently express themselves and rally their citizens behind them in a call of patriotism. Although both men had significantly different styles, they were both able to manipulate the emotions of their citizens to secure their leadership position and accomplish tasks such as the development of space programs, that others afterwards were able to complete. Even today, Kennedy receives much of the credit for great steps that he only had a small part in, such as the Civil Rights Act, which was conceived by his brother Robert Kennedy, and implemented by Lyndon Johnson. Yet, because of their ability to lead, in a difficult time, both men will be remembered as powerful opposing leaders who had much in common. How to cite John F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, Essay examples

Significance challenges of big data research - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Significance challenges of big data research. Answer: Introduction Background of the study The entertainment industry mainly specializes in providing the customers with films, music and books that are based on audio. Most of the companies operate on a global manner and the base of customers is particularly high in countries like Germany, United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, India and Australia (Wamba et al. 2015). Most of the customers purchase the products individually such as the films, audio books and the songs along with the packages that are up for subscription. The subscription package allows the customers in downloading a number of songs and films with the help of internet for a limited period (Kim, Trimi and Chung 2014). An example of this would be the system that is prevalent in the UK. The customers can go for the Premier Package where they can download 50 films and books along with 100 songs for a period of one month at a price of 150. The customers can also read a book or watch a film at one-tenth of the price as well. The use of online streaming from the internet is also done by the customers for whom most of the companies have delivery channels consisting of cable TV operator, mobile phone and the internet. The customers have the option of choosing their method of payment such as the subscriptions based on an annual or a monthly system of debit. Most of the companies purchase the products in bulk quantities from the record companies at a decided price, which is then used by the customers by paying a price as well. This helps the companies in maintaining their margin of profit as well (Kaisler et al. 2013). Most of the companies take the help of various applications so that the business activities can be carried out in a smoother and efficient manner. This involves the use of .NET-based system that is developed in a customized manner along with trading through multimedia, subscription management and sales order processing. The companies also take the help of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system as well (Jin et al. 2015). Rationale of the study The retail industry is one of the first industries that invest hugely in integration and the collection of data of customers in the data warehouse. It helps the retail companies in taking better decisions, as the data is available to the organization regarding the customers. Since most of the decision makers do not have the ability in accessing the data whenever required, most of the companies hire consultants so that it can help in solving the data needs on a short-term manner (Marr 2015). In most of the cases, it can be seen that the data that is extracted is from the same source and is accessed by different departments without any strategy of information delivery. This had negatively affected the organization, as the reports that were being presented by the managers based on the various sources of data were lacking the integration (Hilbert 2016). The strategies and the needs of the business help in building the business intelligence and the warehouse of the data. The data warehouse is a technique in data analysis that helps in supporting the decision of the businesses by encouraging the managers so that the examination of the data can be carried out in a better way (Segarra et al. 2016). The repository way of collecting the data helps in effectively measuring the effect of the different combinations, which is inclusive of the supply chain, preference of the customers, geographic and demographic features as well, which helps in assisting the process of customer retention by the analysts. The retailers can make use of the levers such as assortment, allocation and replenishment of the products along with the pricing and promotion of the products so that it can help in optimizing the performance of the companies (Amoore and Piotukh 2015). Scope of research This particular research will help in outlining the theories that are used by the industries as well as in academics to understand the function of data warehousing in the relevant industries. The process of research will help in focusing on the development and the design of the data warehouse along with business intelligence that is inclusive of the analysis of data and presenting it in a better way so that te tools of reporting can be used in an efficient manner. The system of business intelligence will be impossible without the use of data warehouse. Aim and objectives The research process will be based on the following aims and objectives: To examine the important of data warehouse along with system of business intelligence in the entertainment industry To develop the data warehouse and the business intelligence system in the entertainment industry To examine the decision tools that will help the decision makers in taking better decisions Research Questions How to measure the importance of data warehouse and business intelligence in the entertainment industry? What are the tools that need to be developed for data warehousing and business intelligence system? How can the decision makers take better decisions through the help of various tools? Literature Review Definition According to Kimball et al. (2015), Business Intelligence (BI) helps in delivering the accurate information that will be useful for the decision makers in taking appropriate decisions within a specific time so that the decisions can be taken in an effective manner. Data warehouse is the system that that helps in consolidating and retrieving the data in a periodical manner from the source so that it can be used for the purpose of analysis. The process of updates is done in batches and not during the transaction process on a daily manner. Kaisler et al. (2013) was of the view that Data Mart is a part of the data warehouse, which helps in storing the data within the electronic repository and is not part of the organization with respect to the daily operations that are taking place. These data is applied within a particular area of the organization. Jin et al. (2015) was of the opinion that Online Analytic Processing (OLAP) is a technology that helps in managing, storing and inquiring of the data so that it can help in supporting the various uses of business intelligence. Extract, Transformation and Load (ETL) is a system that consists of various processes in cleaning, transforming, combining, archiving and structuring the data so that it can help in using the data in the data warehouse. Concepts of data warehouse Segarra et al. (2016) stated that Data warehousing is the process that helps in the collection of data so that it can be stored in the database of the managers and can be integrated at different time so that it can help in the process of decision making. The data that is collected from the various operations that are taking place within the retail companies can be stored and reconciled in the central repository so that it can help in extracting the information for the decision to be taken in a better way. According to Amoore and Piotukh (2015), Data warehouse is the conglomeration of all the different data marts that are used within the retailing industries and the storage of information is done in through a dimensional model. The data marts help in delivering the objectives of business that are present in the different departments within the organization. Data mart is a subset of the data warehouse, which helps in representing the process of business through the star schemes that are available within the retailing organization. Data warehouse data model Marr (2015) was of the view there are three levels that are present in the process of data modeling, which consists of high-level modeling that includes the features of entities, relationships and the relationships that are present with the entity. The second level consists of the mid-level modeling where the data is set by the departments and the third level that is low-level modeling helps in optimizing the performance within the organizations. Kim, Trimi and Chung (2014) was of the view that the physical data is created using the midlevel model of data and extending it by using the physical and the main characteristics of the model. The data model that is physical in nature consists of series of tables, which are also known as relational tables. Business intelligence Kimball et al. (2015) was of the view that it is a term that helps in analyzing the tools that are present in data. It helps the businesses in generating better information so that it can lead to effective decision making and in turn result in better profits for the companies. It helps the companies in analyzing the profitability ratio for the products along with the analysis of market and customers. The companies are also able to forecast and plan the products accordingly and analyze the channels of distribution so that it can help in effective marketing of the products and reach maximum number of customers for increasing the level of profits (Mackey and Gass 2015). Research Methodology It is an organized process through which the proposal is proceeded with. It gives the researcher a better point of view regarding the way of continuing with the process of research. it also enables the researcher in understanding the various techniques that are required in collecting and conducting the research process (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Types of investigation There are mainly three types of investigation process that is taken in to the proposal of the research, which are as follows: Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory Justification of the investigation chosen The following process of research will be based on the descriptive type of investigation, as the researcher will be using various concepts and theories so that it can help in understanding the profitability of the retail organization by using the data warehousing technique. Method of data collection The method of collecting the data is divided in to primary and secondary sources, which helps the researcher in continuing with the process of research (Flick 2015). The data that is primary in nature consists of the interviews and the surveys that are conducted by the researcher. The secondary sources of data consist of the books, journals and the websites of the companies so that the necessary documents can be accessed (Glesne 2015). Accessibility issues The researcher will face some difficulties in collecting the information, as it can be manipulated and can be done in an incorrect manner. These hindrances have to be taken in to account by the researcher while conducting the process of research (Brinkmann 2014). Ethical Issues The researcher has to maintain certain restrictions so that it can help in conducting the research in an organized manner. The Data Protection Act, 1998 states that the researcher has to maintain privacy and the names of the participants cannot be disclosed for the the process of research. If the research breaches the Act, then he will be liable to bear the consequences of it. Reference List Amoore, L. and Piotukh, V., 2015. Life beyond big data: Governing with little analytics.Economy and Society,44(3), pp.341-366. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Glesne, C. (2015).Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. Hilbert, M., 2016. Big data for development: A review of promises and challenges.Development Policy Review,34(1), pp.135-174. Jin, X., Wah, B.W., Cheng, X. and Wang, Y., 2015. Significance and challenges of big data research.Big Data Research,2(2), pp.59-64. Kaisler, S., Armour, F., Espinosa, J.A. and Money, W., 2013, January. Big data: Issues and challenges moving forward. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 995-1004). IEEE. Kim, G.H., Trimi, S. and Chung, J.H., 2014. Big-data applications in the government sector.Communications of the ACM,57(3), pp.78-85. Kimball, R., Ross, M., Mundy, J. and Thornthwaite, W., 2015.The kimball group reader: Relentlessly practical tools for data warehousing and business intelligence remastered collection. John Wiley Sons. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Marr, B., 2015.Big Data: Using SMART big data, analytics and metrics to make better decisions and improve performance. John Wiley Sons. Segarra, L.L., Almalki, H., Elabd, J., Gonzalez, J., Marczewski, M., Alrasheed, M. and Rabelo, L., 2016. A Framework for Boosting Revenue Incorporating Big Data.Journal of Innovation Management,4(1), p.39. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wamba, S.F., Akter, S., Edwards, A., Chopin, G. and Gnanzou, D., 2015. How big datacan make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study.International Journal of Production Economics,165, pp.234-246.